Open Links in Desktop Apps with Smart Prompt

When visiting URLs that can be handled by installed desktop apps (e.g. Zoom, Slack, Discord, Telegram, Linear), show a prompt: “Do you want to allow this website to open {app name}?” with options: Always Allow, Allow, Cancel. If “Always Allow” is chosen, remember the preference and auto-launch the app next time. Handle cases where the app was later uninstalled.